Heart disease and stroke can affect anyone, but some groups are more likely to have conditions that increase their risk for cardiovascular disease. Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological steps for scoping reviews, with the refinements proposed by Levac guided the protocol and conduct of this scoping review 18,19. The heart can usually continue to beat despite a heart attack, but it can sustain significant damage if left untreated. Cardiac arrest can sometimes occur if a heart attack progresses and is not treated.
Cardiovascular care with board-certified specialists.
The average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the whole period and each subgroup period, as well as the annual percentage changes (APCs) for each different time, were calculated to quantify significant changes. A heart attack is different from a cardiac arrest, and refers to a blood flow problem in an artery cardiac arrest causes and risk factors of the heart due to a blockage. Patients having a heart attack (also called myocardial infarction) often experience chest pain or difficulty breathing. The multifactorial processes culminating in sudden cardiac arrest or death typically require acquiring an arrhythmogenic substrate, capable of generating tachyarrhythmias during specific (often transient) conditions and states, as depicted in Figure 1.
The number of deaths in these strata was fitted at level 1 of the multilevel model. The geographic variation between provinces was fitted at level 2 of the multilevel model. The baseline model includes variables of demographics (year, gender, location, and region).
There are many non-cardiac etiologies including intracranial hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, primary respiratory arrest, toxic ingestions including drug overdose, electrolyte abnormalities, severe infection (sepsis), hypothermia, or trauma. Genetic tests can be done to see if you have long QT syndrome, a common cause of sudden cardiac death. If you have the long QT gene, your healthcare professional may recommend that other family members also be tested. After surviving sudden cardiac arrest, you’ll be admitted to a hospital to receive ongoing care. CPR can temporarily treat sudden cardiac arrest until more advanced medical treatment is available. In most cases, the initial treatment for cardiac arrest involves CPR, where chest compressions are administered to increase blood flow to the heart and other vital organs.
Conditions that can increase risk
Sudden cardiac arrest can occur in people of any age, gender, race, and even those who seem to be in good health. Professional athletes at the peak of fitness have been known to die suddenly during sporting events. People who survive sudden cardiac arrest have a varied outlook, depending on how quickly they received medical treatment. They usually need help regaining skills they had before their sudden cardiac arrest.
Did you know a ventricular arrhythmia can cause sudden cardiac arrest?
With respect to marital status, the lowest mortality rates were observed among married individuals. This finding aligns with those of previous studies, suggesting that marriage potentially enhances financial and psychological stability 45 and serves as a protective factor against mortality 46. In contrast, divorced and unmarried individuals tended to live alone and were more prone to isolation and poorer health outcomes 47, 48. It is essential to expand social services to address the unmet needs of this susceptible population to provide more timely emergency care for the elderly and singles. One of the challenges in identifying individuals with high risk is the marked discordance between the relative risk and population attributable fraction (PAF). This is depicted in Figure 2 (adapted from Myerburg et al), which demonstrates that the vast majority of all cardiac arrests occur in the general population, among individuals with low relative risk of cardiac arrest.
- Finally, we analyzed only a single year of data, precluding us from assessing trends over time.
- When the electrical impulse goes into atrial fibrillation, the ventricles can’t pump blood out to the body efficiently.
- Sudden cardiac arrest claims the lives of nearly 500,000 people in the United States each year.
- Treatment for cardiac arrest is sometimes referred to as “calling a code”.
- CPR helps maintain the flow of blood to the brain and other bodily organs.
Only a minority of all plaque disruptions result in acute coronary syndromes; the majority of plaque disruptions are asymptomatic (Arbab-Zadeh et al). The emergence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias follows the same principles, where pro-arrhythmogenic factors are counteracted by anti-arrhythmogenic factors. Examples of such factors include electrolyte concentrations, sympathetic tone, degree of myocardial ischemia, QT time, etc., (Myerburg et al). It is important to note that while these risk factors increase the likelihood of cardiac arrest, they do not guarantee its occurrence.
Outcome measures
The etiology of OHCA was derived from EMS data (in the Utstein style) and France national OHCA registry and confirmed through autopsy and medical chart review of non-survivors and survivors, respectively 55–57. The diagnosis of PE was presumed based on history of deep vain thrombosis (DVT), symptoms, and ECG changes prior to cardiac arrest or post ROSC. The diagnosis was verified by echocardiogram, spiral computed tomography (CT), ventilation-perfusion scan, or autopsy 55–57 (S4 Appendix). Seven studies examined the association between thrombolytic treatment during CPR for 6,047 patients with OHCA of presumed cardiac (Utstein 2004) etiology (1,071 patients received thrombolysis vs 5,146 patients with no thrombolysis) 48–54. The 2013–2021 national total population by marital status was estimated based on 2010 and 2020 China census data.
- You need treatment with an automated external defibrillator after a few minutes of sudden cardiac arrest for survival.
- The perfect storm implies that plaque disruption occurs when pro-thrombogenic factors outweigh pro-thrombolytic factors.
- These interruptions are usually harmless, but they sometimes lead to sudden cardiac arrest, which usually happens when you have ventricular fibrillation.
- The Utstein etiological classification for OHCA was first defined in 2004 and revised in 2015.
- Genetic tests can be done to see if you have long QT syndrome, a common cause of sudden cardiac death.
Wehave the tools to fight back against heart disease and live longer and healthier lives. Additionally, with the right education and proper CPR training, we also have the ability to serve as heroes for our family, friends and communities. We have the tools to fight back against heart disease and live longer and healthier lives. If a hospitalized patient experiences a cardiac arrest, this is usually immediately identified by a heart rhythm monitor or a physical exam that demonstrates the loss of a pulse. Unfortunately, many cardiac arrests occur outside of a hospital, and that is why knowing the signs and symptoms of a cardiac arrest is crucial.
About 80% of these cases result in death before the patients can be admitted to hospital. Cardiac arrest is a serious health condition that could result in sudden cardiac death if not treated urgently. The risk for heart disease can increase even more when heredity combines with unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as smoking cigarettes and eating an unhealthy diet. Eating a diet high in saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol has been linked to heart disease and related conditions, such as atherosclerosis. Also, too much salt (sodium) in the diet can raise blood pressure. The population of interest for these comparisons are etiologies where it is perceived that ventilation offered by conventional CPR may affect outcome.
A heart attack is when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked. Sudden cardiac arrest, on the other hand, is not typically due to any blockages. Obesity is linked to higher “bad” cholesterol and triglyceride levels and to lower “good” cholesterol levels. Obesity can lead to high blood pressure and diabetes as well as heart disease.
In China, the establishment of sudden cardiac arrest registries remains at the naissance stage. Two registration systems, Baseline Investigation of In-hospital Cardiac Arrest (BASIC-IHCA) 67 and BASIC-OHCA 66, have been established to capture in-hospital cardiac arrest and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, respectively. As the coverage of registries continues to expand, they will provide invaluable and confident insights for monitoring SCD burden and serve as a source of cross-validation for existing national disease and mortality surveillance programs. The underlying causes of sudden cardiac arrest can result from cardiac and non-cardiac causes. The most common underlying causes are different, depending on the patient’s age. Common cardiac causes include coronary artery disease, non-atherosclerotic coronary artery abnormalities, structural heart damage, and inherited arrhythmias.
Those who survive a near-fatal arrest are monitored in the ICU. Although not common, the most detrimental complication for a patient in a shockable rhythm is AED failure. After ROSC, failing to secure and/ or maintain a definitive airway device could lead to a secondary cardiac arrest.
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